Guide

How to read a profit and loss statement

What each section of a profit and loss statement means, how to read gross margin and net profit, and the questions a P&L should answer for a small business owner.

The profit and loss is the one report every owner should read monthly. It answers: did I make money, where did it come from, and where did it go.

The sections

  • Revenue: what you earned. Gross, before fees and refunds, with those shown as their own lines.
  • Cost of goods sold: what it cost to deliver what you sold. Materials, direct labor, platform fees for some businesses.
  • Gross profit: revenue minus COGS. Gross margin is this as a percentage.
  • Operating expenses: everything else: rent, software, payroll, marketing, insurance.
  • Net profit: what is left. This is what you are taxed on.

What to look at

  • Net profit as a percentage of revenue, month over month.
  • The three biggest expense lines and whether they are growing faster than revenue.
  • Anything that appears in a month it should not (a double-counted card payment usually shows up as a fake expense).

In ProfitBooks

Every line on the profit and loss is clickable. Click it and you see the transactions behind it; click one of those and you can recategorize it. The report updates immediately. Compare months, quarters or years side by side.

FAQ

Questions, answered

Why does my P&L not match my bank balance?

Because the P&L excludes things that are not income or expenses: loan principal, equipment purchases, owner draws, transfers. Those live on the balance sheet.

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